Give three points of difference between the inductive effect and the resonance effect.

(N/A) The differences between the inductive effect and the resonance effect are as follows:
| Feature | Inductive Effect | Resonance Effect |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| $(i)$ | It involves the displacement of only $\sigma$-electrons and hence occurs in saturated compounds. | It involves the delocalization of $\pi$-electrons or lone pairs and occurs in unsaturated conjugated systems. |
| $(ii)$ | The electron pair is only slightly displaced towards the more electronegative atom,resulting in partial charges. | The electron pair is completely transferred,resulting in full or partial positive and negative charges. |
| $(iii)$ | It is a short-range effect that decreases rapidly with distance and becomes negligible beyond three carbon atoms. | It is a long-range effect that is transmitted along the entire length of the conjugated system without significant loss in magnitude. |